American political parties, relatively weak compared to similar Essay

American political parties, relatively weak compared to similar nations, why and what are consequences - Essay Example mparison to other highly industrialized society because in reality and practice, the American political parties have always had severe internal divisions. In a two-part system, ideal internal ideological unity could be nothing more than political picture. The political parties are plainly too immense and varied to encourage stable internal unity. Yet, integrated party control confers an electoral incentive for party leadership to downplay, or even vigorously steer clear of, those matters on which the party is divided to protect the outward show of cohesion. In the concern of electoral success and a significant party ticket, party member find motivating incentives to downplay intraparty conflict. Alternatively, it is in my own opinion that the capability of a divided government to provoke resentment rest partly in its capability to generate prospect for intraparty conflict to arise. Moreover, in a divided government system, the prevailing congressional party has the power to compel public concern of those matters most perceptive to the president’s party. Through placing conflict-ridden issues on the agenda, the party dominating Congress compels the president’s party to discuss matters its congressional members would vigorously steer clear of. The typical justification for the irresponsible nature of American political parties is that our very Constitution makes our party system what it is. Richard Hofstadter, the historian, put it in a few words: â€Å"We have a Constitution against parties† (Disch 2002: 62). However, it is also possible that federalism contributes to national and state parties that are primarily self-governing but it is also possible that federalism is the cause. The actual problem is in fact the failure of the political parties to attain an appropriate balance of power within the federal system, which demands a higher nationalization of party influence. Furthermore, it is unfortunate that there is no focus of party leadership in the American

Smoking ban in London Parks Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Smoking ban in London Parks - Coursework Example To alter this, there is the need to ban smoking from all public places, including the parks that are in London. This will begin to assist with the problems with pollution while ensuring that others aren’t affected by the harmful substances of cigarettes. Aims The aim of this specific project will be to ban the smoking that is currently in public areas, specifically which is occurring in places such as parks and areas where children and youth are. The aim achieve will be based on providing assistance for health among those who are exposed to the cigarette smoke while offering an alternative to those who are conscious of the environment and aren’t interested in the complexities smoking leads to with the environment and health. By banning the smoking in London public parks, there will be further opportunities for better health and initiatives for environmental awareness in the community. Methodology To ban the smoking in public areas, there will first need to be a focus on the parks and the governance which creates the main policies within the area. The policies will need to consist of fines or other consequences if individuals are caught smoking in the parks, as well as agreements on how to initialize consequences to stop the smoking in the public areas. The ban that will take place will then need to be followed by ways to communicate this to the public through press releases, marketing campaigns and initiatives that will support the policy on stopping public smoking in the outdoor areas in London. Background The current changes with smoking in public areas began in 2002 in the United States with the initiative to stop public smoking in bars, restaurants and work areas. This led to a nation wide ban which supported the initiative to stop smoking, specifically with academic leads which showed that smoke – free workplaces led to better options for health, working and habits for those within a given area. The main ideal was to create a space in which non – smokers were protected from passive smoking, specifically with evidence which led to the health problems which were stimulated with second hand smoke. This was combined with the environmental problems of not having fresh air within the buildings and the ways in which this could harm the health of those that were located in an area where there were smoking bans (Fichtenberg, Glantz, 2002). The smoking ban which was first initialized was tested in several areas, specifically to see if this resulted in changes with health and from those which were said to be affected through second hand smoke. It was found after the first smoking bans were initialized that admittance into hospitals for complexions such as coronary heart disease began to rapidly decline. This decreased from an average of 47% to 39% within a year, showing a difference in the amount of health issues, specifically which related to the smoking ban and the monitoring of health effects of those who were bei ng affected by the environmental smoking and the complexities which it had for those with severe health problems (Khuder, Milz, Jordan, 2007). Another study which was initiated after the smoking ban was conducted on the environmental health and the air pollution which was a part of each of the areas. The environmental tobacco smoke which was associated with the ban was studied in several areas, including bars, hotels and general office areas which allowed